Research progress of nasal mucosal immunization vaccine against COVID-19

Respiratory mucosal immune system is the body's first line of defense against infection. Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019, nasal mucosal immune vaccine, with its ability to induce cellular, humoral and mucosal triple immune responses, has become a research hotspot. This article focuses on novel coronavirus, with an understanding of its structure and pathogenesis, a brief introduction to the immune mechanism of nasal mucosa, a summary of the different types of nasal mucosal immune vaccines and their clinical research, aiming to provide some theoretical reference for the development of new vaccines, and exploration of the best methods and strategies to combat COVID-19.

Vaccine Development and Ethical Sidetracking: Nonhuman primates in COVID-19 Biomedical Research

The current ethical paradigm condones the use of nonhuman animals for biomedical research experiments. Such use of animals has been acknowledged as a practice that comes with a considerable moral burden, and thus certain regulations have been established to control it. The singularity of nonhuman primates (NHPs), in terms of their cognitive and emotional complexity, grants them virtual personhood status, which is reflected in a stricter legislation, that nonetheless allows their use in certain cases. The pandemic brought about by SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated the classical drug development design model, and NHPs have been among the species used to test novel therapies. In this study, a search on the characteristics of NHPs and experimental techniques performed for COVID-19 vaccine development purposes will be used to weigh the costs and benefits of these practices. Taking a critical viewpoint, the results of these studies will be analyzed beyond their quantitative dimensions, considering the harm entailed for humans and NHPs, as well as the extension of potential benefits. © 2022, BAU College of Arts and Design Barcelona. All rights reserved.

Arbovirus and its potential to lead the next global pandemic from sub-Saharan Africa: What lessons have we learned from COVID-19?

Risk and predisposing factors for viral zoonoses abound in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region with significant public health implications. For several decades, there have been several reports on the emergence and re-emergence of arbovirus infections. The lifetime burden of arboviral diseases in developing countries is still poorly understood. Studies indicate significant healthcare disruptions and economic losses attributed to the viruses in resource-poor communities marked by impairment in the performance of daily activities. Arboviruses have reportedly evolved survival strategies to aid their proliferation in favorable niches, further magnifying their public health relevance. However, there is poor knowledge about the viruses in the region. Thus, this review presents a survey of zoonotic arboviruses in SSA, the burden associated with their diseases, management of diseases as well as their prevention and control, mobility and determinants of infections, their vectors, and co-infection with various microorganisms. Lessons learned from the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic coupled with routine surveillance of zoonotic hosts for these viruses will improve our understanding of their evolution, their potential to cause a pandemic, control and prevention measures, and vaccine development.Copyright © GERMS 2022.

Gene Editing/Gene Therapies: BIOREACTOR RECOMBINANT PRODUCTION OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS ANTIGENS IN CHO CELL CLONES BY USING NEW UCOE LENTIVIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM

Background & Aim: The new UCOE models we have recently developed, tested on many cell groups (including mouse ES and human iPS cells) and human mAb recombinant production studies as well, shows a powerful resistance to DNA methylation- mediated silencing and provides a higher and stable transfection profile. By the urgent need of vaccine development for COVID-19 during the pandemic, in this study we aimed to produce a potential recombinant vaccine by using the new generation UCOEs models of our own design. Methods, Results & Conclusion(s): Existing new-generation UCOE models and standard plasmid vectors to be used as control group were provided. Then, the sequences related to the PCR method were amplified for sufficient stock generation and cloning experiments. Verification in the plasmid vector was carried out in gel electrophoresis. Transfection of 293T cells was performed with clone plasmids carrying antigen genes and plasmids carrying genetic information of lentivirus units for the production of lentiviral vectors. Afterwards, 293T cells produced lentiviral vectors carrying antigen genes. Harvesting of these vectors was carried out during 48th and 72nd hours. Afterwards, CHO cells were transduced with appropriate quantity of lentiviral vectors. Isolation and purification of targeted proteins from the relevant medium were performed by HPLC and Q-TOF methods. A part of the spike and nucleocapsid gene sequences of COVID-19 were firstly cloned into our UCOE models. These UCOEs plasmids were then transferred into 293T cells along with plasmids carrying the genes that will form the lentivirus vectors (LVs). After harvesting and calculation of LV vector titers, the cloned vectors were then transfected into the CHO cells which the targeted recombinant production of the antigen proteins will be carried out. Antigenic structures were then isolated from the culture medium of CHO cells in following days for confirmation. Using HPLC and qTOF mass spectrometer methods, these structures in the medium were confirmed to be the units of spike and nucleocapsid proteins of the COVID-19 virus. In order to produce large amount of the recombinant antigens, the culture was then carried out with bioreactors in liters. At the final stage, these recombinantly produced antigen proteins were tested on rats to measure their immunogenic responses, and the study recently been completed successfully as a potential recombinant vaccine against COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy

Prospects of lassa fever candidate vaccines

Background: Lassa fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease caused by the Lassa virus (LASV). It is endemic in West Africa and infects about 300,000 people each year, leading to approximately 5000 deaths annually. The development of the LASV vaccine has been listed as a priority by the World Health Organization since 2018. Considering the accelerated development and availability of vaccines against COVID-19, we set out to assess the prospects of LASV vaccines and the progress made so far. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the progress made on twenty-six vaccine candidates listed by Salami et al. (2019) and searched for new vaccine candidates through Google Scholar, PubMed, and DOAJ from June to July 2021. We searched the articles published in English using keywords that included "vaccine" AND "Lassa fever" OR "Lassa virus" in the title/. Results: Thirty-four candidate vaccines were identified - 26 already listed in the review by Salami et al. and an additional 8, which were developed over the last seven years. 30 vaccines are still in the pre-clinical stage while 4 of them are currently undergoing clinical trials. The most promising candidates in 2019 were vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored vaccine and live-attenuated MV/LASV vaccine;both had progressed to clinical trials. Conclusions: Despite the focus on COVID-19 vaccines since 2020, LASV vaccine is under development and continues to make impressive progress, hence more emphasis should be put into exploring further clinical studies related to the most promising types of vaccines identified.

Viral vector vaccines: efforts to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases

Vaccines are one of the most effective means of preventing viral infections. Since Edward Jenner invented the world's first vaccine in 1796, against smallpox, various types of vaccine have been developed, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines. Viral vector vaccines and nucleic acid vaccines （mRNA vaccines and DNA vaccines） have been developed most recently. In these vaccines, genes encoding viral proteins that serve as antigens are introduced into the body. The viral vector is an excellent vaccine delivery system that efficiently delivers antigen genes to target cells, and has been utilized for vaccine development against a variety of emerging infectious diseases, including AIDS, malaria, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, and most recently COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of viral vector vaccines and discuss recent efforts to develop vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.Alternate :抄録ウイルス性感染症を予防するうえで、ワクチンは最も有効な手段の一つである。1976年、エドワード・ジェンナーが世界初のワクチンである種痘を発明して以来、さまざまなウイルス性感染症に対して、不活化ワクチン、弱毒生ワクチン、組換えタンパクワクチン、ウイルスベクターワクチン、核酸ワクチンなど、多様なプラットフォームに基づくワクチン開発が進められてきた。本稿では、数あるワクチンプラットフォームの中から、ウイルスベクターワクチンに着目して、いくつかの例をあげて概説するとともに、近年、国際的な問題となっている新興感染症に対するワクチン開発などの取り組みについても述べる。

The Economics of Pandemics: Exploring Globally Shared Experiences

This book offers a lively account of the humanitarian, economic, societal, and planetwide impacts of the pandemics, the COVID-19 pandemic included, which are traced back to as early as the 14th century plague pandemic. Placing the pandemics along with other globally shared resources, such as global warming, AI singularity, and high-risk physics experiments, each of the nine chapters of the book discusses the global health crises from a variety of unique standpoints, including infectious diseases, economics, governance, and public health. Based on the historical records of past pandemics and the rich data from the COVID-19 pandemic, a conceptual framework is presented for the economics of pandemics as a globally shared experience. This book aims to critically examine salient features in the global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, including global governance, lockdowns, radical movements, and mRNA vaccines. The book will be a valuable resource to students, researchers, and policymakers who are working in the fields of environmental economics, global-scale public goods, and health economics. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Evidence and rationale for vaccinating children and adolescents against SARS-CoV-2: a comprehensive narrative review

Vaccines remain the most rigorous and cost-effective weapon of the public health care system against infectious diseases. The development of safe and effective vaccines against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as an imperative response to the unprecedented morbidity and mortality of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the subsequent immense pressure on health care systems, families and global society. Despite the typically mild disease course of SARS-CoV-2 in minors, the associated rare but potentially life-threatening complications, as well as the emergence of new highly transmissible variants, led promptly to the extension of COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials in children and adolescents. To date, various COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been successfully trialed in pediatric populations, followed by their incorporation into corresponding vaccination campaigns in both high- and low-income countries. However, the universal COVID-19 vaccination of children and adolescents remains a matter of debate, along with skepticism about their overall safety and benefits in this age group. In this narrative review, we attempt to summarize the multi-faceted burden of COVID-19 on minors, highlighting the favourable safety/effectiveness profile of COVID-19 vaccines in this age group, elucidating the raised concerns and presenting the current implemented vaccination strategies. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Signa Vitae is the property of Pharmamed Mado Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Improved virus inhibition by microencapsulated monoclonal antibody against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been affecting the swine industry, especially in suckling pigs in with a high mortality rate. Among all the strategies to overcome PEDV, boosting mucosal immunity in pig intestine via oral administration appears to be more efficient than other routes. However, there are biological obstacles such as acidic environment that could damage biologics, a product from organisms often used for PEDV treatment. The plant-derived 2C10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) from Nicotiana benthamiana produced by transient expression was revealed as one of the potential candidates against PEDV through oral delivery. Herein, we demonstrated the calcium-alginate microencapsulation system to protect the 2C10 mAb from the harsh condition in the stomach and to be released the 2C10 mAb when arriving in the intestine. The pH-responsive encapsulated 2C10 mAb microbeads were constructed from the calcium-alginate system. The microbeads were well-tolerated under the acidic environment of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and were digested under the alkaline condition of simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The encapsulated 2C10 mAb in the SPF-treated microbeads exhibited high virus neutralization efficiency in Vero cells when compared to the unencapsulated 2C10 mAb treated by SPF that cannot neutralize the virus. For these reasons, calcium-alginate microencapsulation system is an attractive platform to be considered as a candidate for the next generation of oral vaccine development.

Computational approaches in COVID-19 vaccine development

The deadly outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that began in Wuhan city of China, late in 2019, has caused thousands of causalities globally, where the infected subjects show severe respiratory illness, fever, and pneumonia-like symptoms. The efforts to design a safe, cost-effective, and most importantly efficient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine have been fruitful so far, and approximately 10 vaccines have been approved by the World Health Organization and many more in trials. However, this virus possesses the exceptional ability to rapidly mutate and spread at an exponential level. Research and development activities around the world, directed at vaccine development, were accelerated after the SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence was made publicly available. The economic and humanitarian pressure of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is necessitating evaluation of alternative vaccine production platforms and the use of innovative paradigms to speed up the development. Hence, more determination is required to develop vaccines that have higher efficacy and specificity. Some of the regimes being followed are discussed in this chapter along with the current developments. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SARS-CoV-2: Literature Review Focusing on Structure, Diagnosis and Vaccine Development

SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic novel ongoing-pandemic virus. It causes COVID-19. Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 biology, countermeasure, and its origin. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by high infectiousness and sever pathogenesis. COVID-19 crosses the bounders of all continents in a high spreading manner. Here, several aspects regarding the origin and the molecular structure of this novel virus as well as the production of effective vaccines have been addressed. This article illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 was not being recombined inside laboratory and it has a complicated genome that led to sophisticated pathogenesis. Additionally, an important structural protein known as spike S was demonstrated by researchers as an important protein used by the virus for host cell entry as well as for vaccine development. However, the efforts for viral diagnosis and genomic demonstration as well as vaccine production are promising to tackle COVID-19. These perspectives will help in COVID-19 control. However, further investigations are urgently needed to figure out which controlling tactic is more efficient not only in the case of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future pandemics.Copyright © Mohammed Hamzah Abdulkadhim Al-Saadi and Wisam Hindawi Hoidy.

Research progress on effectiveness and safety of approved coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines.

Vaccine development and vaccination are the most effective means to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At present, there are 4 types of COVID-19 vaccines approved for emergency use by the World Health Organization and approved conditionally for marketing and emergency use by State Drug Administration of China, including inactivated vaccine, recombinant protein subunit vaccine, messenger RNA vaccine, and adenovirus vector-based vaccine. Pre-marketing clinical studies show that the vaccines above-mentioned can effectively stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies against COVID-19, the overall safety is good. Most of the adverse events after vaccination are mild or moderate. However, COVID-19 vaccination involves a large number and wide range of people, and its safety problems can not be ignored. The medical workers and researchers should be on high alert and conduct long-term monitoring to ensure vaccine safety.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.

Correlation between antibody response and neutralization capability induced by SARS-COV- 2 vaccine BNT162b2 in the CORIMUN study

Background: In the last two years the pandemic Coronavirus Disease 19 (Covid19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV- 2, described for the first time in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, has caused over 359 million cases of infections and 5 million deaths worldwide. To fight this emergency, the pursuit of science has focused on vaccines development against SARS-CoV- 2, including the vaccine BNT162b2. This vaccine contains mRNA translating for SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein wrapped in lipid nanoparticles and its use was approved at the end of 2020. It has been proved that both the BNT162b2 vaccine and the SARS-CoV- 2 infection result in the production of neutralizing antibodies but remains to be clarified the duration of these responses, also versus variants of concern. Method(s): The present study aimed to prospectively analyse and correlate the antibody response and the neutralization capability induced by vaccination with BNT162b2 in a cohort of Sardinian subjects, including a group previously Cov2 infected. Each participant was evaluated for serum SARS-CoV2 Ab IgG RDB, 7 (T1) and 30 (T2) days after the second inoculum of BNT162b2, with chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA) and microneutralization assay (MNA) determining the highest serum dilution protecting 90 % of the infected wells. Result(s): All the participants, with or without previous infection, developed a positive antibody response (IgG anti-RBD > 1 AU/ml) within 7 and 30 days from the second vaccine dose and a strong correlation was found between IgG antibody levels and neutralizing activity. A strong difference was observed between the antibody levels of the naive subjects and the ones previously infected, specifically the antibody levels were higher (both at T1 and T2) in the latter group. No significant antibody differences were found for gender and age groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in antibody titre between healthy and immune-mediated subjects. Conclusion(s): In conclusion, this study confirms observed differences in vaccine responses between infection-naive and subjects with history of natural infection, with the presence in the second group of a significantly higher neutralizing and anti-RBD antibody titer. It also demonstrates the strong correlation between anti-RBD antibody titre and neutralizing activity, without significant differences between healthy subjects and subjects with immuno-mediated disease in the short-term. Further follow-up is ongoing in this cohort.

Symptomatic Myocarditis After Pfizer Covid-19 Vaccination

Widely considered safe, effective, and essential for pathogenic immunity, vaccines have proven to be one of the most important discoveries to date in medicine. Adverse reactions to vaccines are typically trivial but there have been extremely rare reports of vaccine induced myocarditis, particularly with the Tdap vaccine. This is thought to be due to a hypersensitivity reaction. In efforts to combat the SARS-CoV-2, prompt response from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna lead to vaccine development with a novel method, synthesized from modified messenger RNA. Despite minimal side effects on initial trials, reports of vaccine induced myocarditis have resulted. A majority of these cases occurred following subsequent doses for those previously inoculated. A descriptive study published in JAMA in January 2022 reviewed the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) in collaboration with the CDC described only 1626 cases of myocarditis, of which the majority occurred within days of the second dose. This review was limited by reviewing a passive reporting syndrome with variable quality data and without follow up data post diagnosis of myocarditis. Here we present a case of myocarditis occurring less than 24 hours after the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine with 3 month follow up. A 23 year old man received his second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine in the morning. Within a few hours he experienced chest pain, chills, weakness, and fatigue. These dissipated by 7pm. He is a member of the National Guard and during drills the next day experienced stabbing substernal chest pain for which he sought evaluation. The pain radiated into his left jaw, worse with deep inspiration and worse in the left lateral decubitus position. He is a 1 PPD smoker with no personal or family history or cardiac disease. A friction rub was heard on physical exam. His troponin I peaked at 2.6ng/mL. His EKG showed normal sinus rhythm, a TTE showed a normal EF with no pericardial effusion. He was given aspirin 81 mg and started on a heparin drip for possible NSTEMI. The next day his pain decreased and a cardiac MRI demonstrated no inflammation. His serum coxsackie and parvovirus titers were negative. He was instructed to continue the aspirin, limit exercise for 8 weeks, and stop smoking. Upon follow up 3 months later the patient denied any recurrent chest pain and was advised to continue the aspirin. But the original bout of myocarditis limited his participation in the National Guard. Our case illustrates that exposure to an immunological trigger, the COVID-19 vaccine, leading to myocarditis was extremely short compared to typical cases of viral induced or vaccine hypersensitivity reaction. A proposed mechanism is molecular mimicry between the spike protein and myocardial contraction proteins. It also demonstrates that the vaccine can cause morbidity in patients, especially younger males. It also exemplifies that this may be a short lived phenomenon, long term follow up is still needed. With the rate of vaccination increasing, there needs to be a low threshold to consider myocarditis in young adults who have new chest pain after receiving an mRNA based vaccine.Copyright © 2022

Motivators and Barriers to COVID-19 vaccination among Native American and Latino Communities

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: COVID-19 disproportionately impacts rural communities of color. Socioeconomic status, occupation and chronic illnesses lead to worse COVID-19 outcomes. This study identifies motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the Latino and Flathead Reservation agricultural communities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Thirty key informant interviews and 6 focus groups (N=39 focus group participants) were conducted with community and tribal leaders using an interview guide informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, and the Social Contextual Factor Frameworks. The interview guide was designed to understand the motivators and barriers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake. The Community Advisory Board, community investigators and community health workers from the community reviewed and revised the guide. A codebook applied deductive coding to informant responses, followed by an inductive, constant comparison approach. Three analysts met to refine the codebook and conduct inter-rater agreement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants from Flathead reservations and Yakima frequently noted a desire to protect one's self, family and elders. This significant motivator encouraged individuals to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, despite sincere vaccine concerns and government rollout. Barriers included concerns regarding rumored, serious or rare side effects, speed of vaccine development and misinformation. Key differences exist between both communities. Yakima participants noted religious concerns and ID requirements as major barriers. Flathead reservation participants noted distrust and historical trauma of the U.S. government and issues with access (e.g. transportation, technology). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The pandemic disproportionately impacts vulnerable communities in agricultural settings. Participants in both communities felt vaccine availability had outpaced uptake. Clearly, culturally sensitive education and respectful communication would be key in addressing vaccine concerns and improving vaccine uptake.

A review on risk assessment of formulation development and technology transfer of COVID-19 vaccines / Una revisión sobre la evaluación de riesgos del desarrollo de formulaciones y la transferencia de tecnología de las vacunas COVID-19

Background: COVID-19 pandemic situation made the pharmaceutical companies develop the vaccine with different formulations in a short period. Objectives: The main objective of the review is to focus on different types of vaccine formulations available globally and the importance of technology transfer in vaccine development associated with potential risks. Results: Research on vaccine development led to various types of vaccines, such as Inactivated vaccines, Live Attenuated vaccines, Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and Protein Subunit Vaccines for COVID-19. But the process of vaccine development and technology transfer is lined with various risks and challenges. Through risk assessment, we found some major potential risks involved in product development; this leads to a smoother and more efficient method to develop safe vaccines available for public health. Conclusions: This review will explain the significance of technology collaboration for the faster development of various formulations of vaccines globally

Antecedentes: La situación de pandemia de COVID-19 hizo que las empresas farmacéuticas desarrollaran la vacuna con diferentes formulaciones en un corto período. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de la revisión es centrarse en los diferentes tipos de formulaciones de vacunas disponibles a nivel mundial y la importancia de la transferencia de tecnología en el desarrollo de vacunas asociado con los riesgos potenciales. Resultados: La investigación sobre el desarrollo de vacunas condujo al desarrollo de varios tipos de vacunas, como vacunas inactivadas, vacunas vivas atenuadas, vacunas de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) y ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), vacunas de vectores virales y vacunas de subunidades de proteínas para COVID-19. Pero el proceso de desarrollo de vacunas y transferencia de tecnología está lleno de varios riesgos y desafíos. A través de la evaluación de riesgos, encontramos algunos riesgos potenciales importantes involucrados en el desarrollo de productos, lo que conduce a un método más fluido y eficiente para desarrollar vacunas seguras disponibles para la salud pública. Conclusiones: Esta revisión dará una idea de la importancia de la colaboración tecnológica para el desarrollo más rápido de varias formulaciones de vacunas a nivel mundial

Expression of Brucella abortus Omp25 protein in Lactococcus lactis probiotic bacteria

Background and purpose: The sequence of Omp25 is conserved in all Brucella species. The high antigenicity of the product of this gene stimulates the host's immune system. Using engineered probiotic bacteria is an appropriate method for vaccine transport. The aim of this study was to express the Omp25 of the Brucella abortus pathogenic bacterium in Lactococcus lactis probiotic bacterium. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the required vector was designed and synthesized to include the gene of interest and a signal peptide (pNZ8148-Usp45-Omp25). E. coli strain TOP10F was transformed using the pNZ8148-Usp45-Omp25 expression vector based on induction by nisin. The recombinant plasmid was extracted from the transformed bacteria using a plasmid extraction kit. The L. lactis was transformed by pNZ8148-Usp45-Omp25 vector using electroporation. Evaluation of the expression of Omp25 gene at the RNA level was assessed by reverse transcription method and confirming the presence of recombinant Omp25 protein in the engineered bacteria using SDS-PAGE method. Results: Successful expression of B. abortus Omp25 in L. lactis was verified by RT-PCR. Subsequently, the proteins were separated based on molecular weight using sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protein expression analysis showed the expression of Omp25 as a 25 kDa extra band in transformed L. lactis compared to the L. lactis receiving the vector lacking the target gene. Conclusion: This study shows that Omp25 is expressed in L. lactis transformed via pNZ8148-Usp45-Omp25 by electroporation. Transformed L. lactis can be successfully used as a subunit oral vaccine in prevention of Brucellosis.

Historical Advances in Structural and Molecular Biology and How They Impacted Vaccine Development.

Vaccines are among the greatest tools for prevention and control of disease. They have eliminated smallpox from the planet, decreased morbidity and mortality for major infectious diseases like polio, measles, mumps, and rubella, significantly blunted the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and prevented viral induced cancers such as cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus. Recent technological advances, in genomics, structural biology, and human immunology have transformed vaccine development, enabling new technologies such as mRNA vaccines to greatly accelerate development of new and improved vaccines. In this review, we briefly highlight the history of vaccine development, and provide examples of where advances in genomics and structural biology, paved the way for development of vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases.

Accelerating the development of vaccine microarray patches for epidemic response and equitable immunization coverage requires investment in microarray patch manufacturing facilities.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need for investment in manufacturing for vaccine microarray patches (vMAPs) to accelerate vMAP development and access. vMAPs could transform vaccines deployment and reach to everyone, everywhere. AREAS COVERED: We outline vMAPs' potential benefits for epidemic preparedness and for outreach in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), share lessons learned from pandemic response, and highlight that investment in manufacturing-at-risk could accelerate vMAP development. EXPERT OPINION: Pilot manufacturing capabilities are needed to produce clinical trial material and enable emergency response. Funding vMAP manufacturing scale-up in parallel to clinical proof-of-concept studies could accelerate vMAP approval and availability. Incentives could mitigate the risks of establishing multi-vMAP manufacturing facilities early.